These observations imply that BDNF expression-inducing probiotics, in particular L. casei, may alleviate RS-induced DA with gut dysbiosis through the modulation of gut microbiota composition and BDNF expression, while L-theanine may alleviate DA with neuroinflammation and colitis through the suppression of NF-κB activation. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is colitis.