The mechanism of action of D-(+)-pinitol 48 was explained via its ability [108] (i) to protect the pancreas against diabetes-induced oxidative stress because of its antioxidation property [104]; (ii) to overcome insulin resistance by modulating the PI3kt/Akt signalling pathway in a rat model [109]; and (iii) to increase glucose-induced insulin secretion by reducing the expression of the subunit alpha of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK-α) that protected against triglyceride deposition in the liver [110]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.