GSK3B and Cognitive impairment: For example, GM1 prevents apoptotic neuronal death through Trk neurotrophin receptors [126]; ketamine-induced hippocampus and cortex apoptosis and cognitive impairment through the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway [127,128]; lead-caused cognitive deficit and brain damages by averting changes in superoxide dismutase and intracellular Ca2+ levels [129] and activating the SIRT1/CREB/BDNF pathway [130]; high altitude-caused cerebral edema by reducing oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT-Nrf2-linked inflammatory response [131]; and cognitive deficits induced by trauma [132] and MK801 [133].