TNF and endothelial dysfunction: The working groups of Scott, Higham, and Sawa were also able to show connections between proinflammatory cytokines and the development of atherosclerosis, so that with the significant increase in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-8, but also TNF-α and hsCRP for the various nicotine delivery systems or the combustible cigarette, damage to the vessel, in the sense of the aforementioned endothelial dysfunction, and a consecutively increased risk of developing CVD were observed [23].