Specifically, cell-wide, i.e., nuclear and cytoplasmic, expression of A3A is seen in normal adjacent-to-tumor (NAT) hepatocytes in A3A liver specimens, whereas HCC lesions are uniformly negative, most likely reflecting loss of A3A due to the selective pressure imposed by this potent DNA deaminase (Figure 1E; discussed further below). The gene discussed is BRD2; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.