We have previously shown that anti-PD1 enhances the cytotoxic effect of leukemia-associated antigen (LAA)-stimulated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against leukemic progenitor and stem cells (LPC/LSCs) and this was most noticeable against NPM1mut AML cells when the immunogenic epitope was derived from the mutated region of NPM1 [24]. Here, NPM1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.