CX3CL1 and ischemia: Injured neurons release key damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules that include S100 heat-shock proteins [102], high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) [103], ATP, uric acid, nucleic acids [104] and fractalkine (CX3CL1) [105], which are responsible for the initial activation and polarization of microglia following ischemia [106].