The effect of TULA-1 in type-1 diabetes may be mediated by down-regulation of NF-κB, linked to the interactions of TULA-1 SH3 with NEMO and TAK1, key elements of NF-κB signaling in T cells, which are known to be poly-ubiquitylated, as well as to the interactions of TULA-1 UBA and poly-ubiquitin chains [9]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.