The use of long-acting insulin only was significantly more common in the GDM-IFH and GDM-CH groups (IFH: 13.0%, IPH: 5.3%, CH: 19.5%, p < 0.001) and the rate of combined insulin therapy was higher in the GDM-CH group (IFH: 3.8%, IPH: 1.4%, CH: 12.8%, p < 0.001). Here, INS is linked to cyclic hematopoiesis.