We identified three studies that analysed parameters (including UA, sFIt-1, PIGF values, PI & RI of UA, MCA, DV, and AFI obtained using Doppler ultrasound) Using ML models, in which two studies predicted IUGR and pre-eclampsia [53,59] and one study to predict IUGR fetus at risk [62]. The gene discussed is PIGF; the disease is fetal growth restriction.