MAPK1 and colonic neoplasm: In contrast, Leuconostoc, believed to have probiotic properties and anticancer activities [39], promoted apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines by upregulating mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), Bax, and caspase 3, and by downregulating AKT serine/threonine kinase 1(AKT), NF-κB, and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-XL) expression [40].