TNF and myocardial infarction: Pellino-1 deficiency has proven to induce multiple detrimental physiological effects that include: (1) atherogenic immune cell activation (Th1 and CD4 cells), (2) elevated systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), (3) increased levels of circulating IgE and IgG2a [30], and (4) decreased angiogenic response during myocardial infarction [11,12].