To determine whether cMDSCs propagated from GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-1β cytokines influence the properties of T cells that cause T1D diabetes in vivo, T cells were harvested from the spleens of NOD mice and intravenously administered to the NOD–SCID mice by themselves or cotransplanted with cMDSCs twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks (Figure 3a, upper panel). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and diabetes mellitus.