In the current study, the novel finding is that AF patients compared to controls, regardless of AF type (paroxysmal/persistent/permanent) or duration are characterized by almost two-fold higher blood levels of NAP-2, which supports the role of leukocytes in the prothrombotic and interrelated proinflammatory states well recognized in this common arrhythmia [13, 14, 25]. Here, PPBP is linked to atrial fibrillation.