A scientific achievement by Abraham and his colleagues is using X-ray crystallography to show that the R-state Hb is actually an ensemble of relaxed states, e.g., R2, RR2, RR3 and R3, each with an unique quaternary structure (Figure 3), (Mueser et al., 2000; Safo and Abraham, 2001; Safo et al., 2002b; Safo and Abraham, 2003; Safo et al., 2005; Jenkins et al., 2009; Safo et al., 2011) which they took advantage of to design and develop molecules to treat cardiovascular diseases, including sickle cell disease (Safo et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2020; Safo et al., 2021; Pagare et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and sickle cell disease.