The delicate balancing act between efficient antimicrobial immune defenses and immune-mediated tissue damage appears to be regulated by the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway, which is thought to be a major factor in how an infection will progress (Dyck and Mills, 2017; Qin et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2021; Sandker et al., 2022). Here, CD274 is linked to infection.