Primary gastric tumors and gastric cancer cell lines also have low levels of PKD1 (Kim et al., 2008), and PKD1 is downregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancers (Jaggi et al., 2003), as well as in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Ni et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene PKD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.