AIF1 and frontotemporal dementia: These include pTDP-43 for frontotemporal dementia, alpha synuclein (α-Syn) for Lewy body dementia, IBA1 for microglia (including activated states), GFAP for astrocytes (including reactive states), NeuN for neurons, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) with Luxol fast blue (to assess cytopathology and white matter integrity) (Extended Data Fig. 1b).