Compared with EGCG, optimized EGCG more significantly downregulates HIF-1α and VEGF through inhibiting PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis of HCC (Liao et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). Here, MAPK3 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.