TNF and infection: In vivo, blocking CS by giving mice anti-TNF-α and anti-IFN-γ antibodies prevents death from SARS-CoV-2 infection, hemophagocytic lymph histiocytosis, and LPS shock (sepsis).276 This highlights the critical role of TNF-α and IFN-γ released from PANoptosis in driving cytokine storms during infections and inflammatory conditions.275 Cytokines or PAMPs trigger the assembly of a multiprotein complex called the PANoptosome.