Our results showed that SC-43 suppresses the pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL10 levels in M1 macrophages (Fig. 5C), indicating that SC-43 assumes an anti-inflammation role by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, potentially relieving the early inflammatory phase of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis [51]. Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.