TNF and Anxiety: We found that treatment with TNFα antibody at PD16.5 not only rescued autistic-like behaviors, including anxiety, and repetitive and social behaviors in PE-exposed offspring (Figs 6A–F and S8), but also deficits in the developmental spines on pyramidal neurons in the cortex (Figs S9A and S10A and B) and hippocampus (Figs S9B and S10C and D).