LIF and infection: Data collected 2 h after infection indicated that macrophages infected with Y. pestis pre-incubated with anti-LcrV 7.3 mAb (IgG1) significantly upregulated G-CSF, LIF, MIP-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MCP-3, and MIP-2, while IL-2 and IL-28 were downregulated (Table 1).