Additionally, modulation of cell signaling following in vitro C. burnetii infection of the TPH-1 human macrophage-like cell line was also reported by Voth and Heinzen [60], who found that infection directs the sustained activation of host pro-survival kinases Akt and Erk1/2, necessary for anti-apoptotic activity that can conduct the development of certain lymphomas. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and infection.