IL32 and allergic rhinitis: Patients with high levels of proinflammatory cytokines have a differentially methylated region in the promoter of the IL32 gene22, and IL-32 can be induced by IL-1β; moreover, increased serum levels of IL-32 have been associated with various autoimmune and allergic diseases, namely type 2 diabetes, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus28.