NFKB1 and chronic kidney disease: To further validate the HMGB1/NF-κB axis in CKD patients, we evaluated kidney tissue samples from 3 control patients (normal nephrectomy tissues adjacent to tumors) and 7 CKD patients of various etiologies including IgA nephropathy (n = 2), and hypertension nephropathy (n = 5) (Table S2), which all had multifocal tubular atrophy (>30%) and interstitial fibrosis.