TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: No previous study illustrated the ability of crocin to reduce the expression of SMAD, however, crocin was reported to reduce the expression of TGF-β in leflunomide-induced liver injury [21], diabetic nephropathy [22], cisplatin (CIS)-induced hepatotoxicity [23], and Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis [24].