In contrast, swimming exercise activated AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α and ameliorated mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating NRF1/NRF2 at the protein level, and mtDNA and mitochondrial respiratory complex subunits at the mRNA level, in NAFLD model zebrafish livers. This evidence concerns the gene NRF1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.