This has been tested on PBMCs stimulated with GAD and proinsulin from patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls, and in each case, 100-500 autoantigen specific cells were profiled; these were subsequently identified using cell surface markers and further characterized by examining differentially expressed genes within the various cell populations (E. Christakou et al., manuscript in preparation) (Figure 2). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.