TNF and Stroke: Previous studies have shown that the expression levels of inflammatory cytokine, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in brain tissues and peripheral blood were significantly changed after stroke (148, 149).