In humans, the epigenetic status of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is altered by experience as follows: in utero by intimate partner violence (42), by childhood abuse and maltreatment (43–45) in healthy adults with histories of trauma and abuse (46), and clinical populations with depression following early adversity (47) or a history of childhood emotional abuse (48). This evidence concerns the gene NR3C1 and depressive symptom measurement.