AKT1 and osteoarthritis: The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway can be activated in various ways at the early stage of osteoarthritis, and its downstream pathways involving caspases and NF-κB can participate in a variety of processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation regulation; in addition, the PI3K/Akt pathway is an important pathway for inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis in KOA [38].