TNF and gestational diabetes: The potential benefits of probiotics have also been explored in women with GDM, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials has shown significant reductions in homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting blood sugar (FBS) [177] inflammatory markers such as CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 [178] upon probiotic supplementation in women with GDM compared to placebo [94, 177, 178].