INS and diabetes mellitus: For example, animal studies have shown that engineered E. coli that overexpress the satiety factor N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine can alleviate high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis in mice, and a genetically modified L. gasseri strain that can express and secrete glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can increase insulin release and reduce hyperglycemia in rats with diabetes [193].