We then performed the targeted proteomic mass spectrometry analysis of 32 proteins (Supplementary Table 4), which revealed that the treatment with tramiprosate slightly increased the level of AD-related lipid transport, Aβ amyloid binding proteins (ApoE, NPC2 and CLU) and neuronal morphogenesis proteins (NEFM, NCAM1 and MAP2) in ApoE ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids (Fig. 6F and G). Here, NCAM1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.