MAPK3 and neoplasm: TNF-α reduces cell viability and triggers apoptosis, according to certain research [25, 26], either by connecting to its particular receptors on the tumor cell membrane or by activating signaling pathways such Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK), p38MAPK, Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB), and caspase cascades [31].