However, it has been reported that Th17 cells induced by IL-6 and TGF-β are not sufficient to elicit autoimmune diseases, which require a co-stimulation of IL-23, or another co-stimulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23 in the absence of TGF-β9,10. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is autoimmune disease.