Consistent with previous studies, we observed that BMDMs isolated from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice harbor between 10-fold and 100-fold replication of flagellin-deficient bacteria over the course of 72 hours, while BMDMs from Tnf-/- mice demonstrated significantly higher levels of bacteria at 48 and 72 hours post-infection (Fig 1A). Here, TNF is linked to infection.