SMAD3 and hyperlipidemia: To investigate the mechanism of fibrosis in cardiac damage, Masson’s trichrome staining (Fig. 6A,C), immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 6B,C), and western blotting (Fig. 6D,E) for TGF-β, collagen III, and Smad3 were performed.The TGF-β, collagen III, and Smad3 original gels are presented in Supplementary Fig. S6.  Masson’s trichrome staining showed that collagen deposition increased significantly in cardiac tissues, suggesting that hyperlipidemia induced fibrosis.