Genes whose expression was elevated by infection and TashAT2 include PPFIA4, encoding PTPRF interacting protein alpha 4 (Liprin-alpha-4), whose expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and is thought to operate in cell to cell adhesion [62], and Rho GTPase activating protein 18 (ARHGAP18) that functions to suppress polymerisation of actin and regulate cell shape, spreading and cellular migration [63]. Here, ARHGAP18 is linked to infection.