41 Caucasian pregnant with GDM (18 with hypertension, 23 without hypertension); mean age: 34.0 (SD 5.6) years; mean BMI: 30.6 (SD 6.0) kg/m2; exclusion criteria: smoking and any medication affecting glucose metabolism or the sympathetic nervous system; dietary modification for diabetes suggested and insulin received, if necessary. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.