However, persistent GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis can lead to ion flow disturbances, organelle dysfunction, and excessive inflammatory responses, and is involved in the onset and development of a variety of diseases, including COVID-19 (93), HIV infection (30), neurodegenerative diseases (94), metabolic diseases (26), cancers (27, 29), IBD, and others (95). Here, GSDMD is linked to HIV infectious disease.