A remarkably increased level of Aβ 1-42 and decreased β subunit of the Ins receptor, IGF-1 receptor, IRS-1, IRS-2, as well as the p85 subunit of PI3-K in the brain of animal models of AD was also noticed to have significantly increased by Chua et al. (30) . The gene discussed is IRS2; the disease is Alzheimer disease.