In comparison to the HFD treatment, 24 metabolic pathways were significantly upregulated in the vinegar treatment, including Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, Central carbon metabolism in cancer, D-Alanine metabolism, Glucagon signaling pathway, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, Lysine biosynthesis, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and so on, while 45 metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated (Figure 11; Supplementary Table 8). Here, GCG is linked to cancer.