CCL2 was also elevated by TLR3 activation when equine BM-MSC were stimulated with poly I:C (33), but priming with LPS increases CCL2, IL8 and IL6, showing that equine MSCs are highly responsive to bacterial wall components, part of the indirect but relevant role of these cells in modulating the immune response to combat infection. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is infection.