HMGB1 and viral infectious disease: Fourth, our study did not assess the potential utility of some novel biomarkers, such as Myxoma resistance protein (MxA1), High mobility group box one protein (HMGB1), or Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which may have better diagnostic performance for distinguishing bacterial and viral infection than conventional biomarkers (39, 40).