TNF and brain ischemia: Using an in vitro model of glioblastoma, β-caryophyllene was reported to significantly down-regulate the NF-ĸB pathway and reduce the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Irrera et al., 2020); and using an in vivo cerebral ischemia model, myrcene increased antioxidant defense systems, including glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and decreased neuronal damage (Ciftci et al., 2011; Ciftci et al., 2014; Burcu et al., 2016).