If a simplistic and pragmatic classification strategy were to be followed, the abundance of TILs and evidence of concomitant increased PD-L1 expression in HIV-associated HCC, portrays these tumours as bearing a ‘Type-I’ microenvironment, where a T cell reaction against cancer exists but is downregulated by cancer-driven immune-tolerogenic signals.43 This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.