MAPK3 and neoplasm: Some pathways were involved in tumor formation, such as the VEGFA-VEGFR2 pathway, which could promote angiogenesis and activate various signal transduction pathways such as ERK1/2, PI3K-Akt/PKB and phospholipase C-γ pathway (32), and plays an important part in the development of several malignancies, including bladder cancer.