SMAD5 and macular degeneration: Studies have shown that SMAD5 can activate the intracellular inflammatory response or related signaling pathways.23,35 Oxidative stress injury in macular degeneration is modulated by SMAD5, reflecting the association between SMAD5 and oxidation.3 The experimental results revealed that SMAD5 was elevated in the presence of LPS, and miR-152 inhibited SMAD5 expression in HDPCs.