CDKN1A and cancer: Multiple targets have been demonstrated in cancer cells, including modulation of NF-κB, sirtuins, cyclins, and other proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, heat shock protein 70, antiapoptotic proteins coded by Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2, p-JNK/c-Jun axis, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, as well as upregulation of proapoptotic factors like p53, p21, Bid, Bax, Bad, cytochrome c, caspase-3, and caspase-9 [[217], [218], [219], [220], [221], [222]].